What is a Robot?

What is a robot?

Let's define the term: Robot. It means slave labourer, with its root in the Czech word “robota”. They are just like a servant. If we are going to give some tasks to the robot,  it is going to perform those tasks just like a servant.

Who coined the Term?

The term was introduced in the year 1921 by Karel Capek a Czech playwright. In a particular drama, he introduced a term: robota, that is, the robot. But, the way he described a robot is as follows: the robot was look-wise similar to a human being.

But, nowadays we use a few robots, which do not look like a human being. So, this is the way actually, the term robot was introduced in the year 1921. But, during that time, there was not even a single robot in the world. The robot is an automatically controlled machine. And, it is reprogrammable that means the same robot can be made to do a variety of task. 

With the incredible advancement in the field of robotics, amazing developments are awaiting future.

Watch the video and enjoy.

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What is a Manipulator?

By manipulator, we mean that it is a robot with a fixed base. This manipulator could be either serial manipulator or parallel manipulator.

As we change the program of a robot, it can be made to do multiple tasks. And, it is multifunctional, that means, the same robot, the same manipulator can perform the different types of machining operations. It can do some sort of peak and place type of operation, and so on. Now, here actually, we are using the term: manipulator.

In CNC machine-like Computerized Numerical Control Machine, we can perform a variety of tasks by changing the program.

Similarly, in robots, the same robot can be used to serve a variety of purposes, simply by changing the program. But, here, there is a basic difference between the level of re-programmability, which can be achieved by a robot, and that can be achieved by a CNC machine.

It is important to note, that the level of re-programmability, which can be achieved by a robot is more compared to that of the CNC machine. And, that is why a CNC machine is not a robot. 

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What is Robotics?

The term: robotics was coined by Isaac Asimov in the year 1942. Isaac Asimov wrote one story, the name of the story was Runaround. And in that particular story, he used the term robotics during 1942, there was not even a single robot in this world.

In robotics, we use the fundamentals of different subjects, for example, physics, mathematics, mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, computer science. And, that is why it is a bit difficult to become true robotics.

We will have to know the fundamentals of all these basic subjects and robotics is actually a multi-disciplinary subject.

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What is 3H in Robotics?

In robotics, we try to imitate the working of the humans by means of 3 Hs, they are the Hand, Head, and Heart, that means, we try to imitate the working of 

And, we also try to replicate the heart of a human being, by the mechanical heart along with the emotion of a human being. And, that is why, in future, the robot will be intelligent and at the same time emotional too. 

Now, if we consider the human-beings, we are intelligent, we are emotional, and in robotics, we try to replicate everything from the human being.

 

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Why should we study Robotics?

If you see today’s market, it is dynamic and competitive. If any business wants to be in competition, they will have to fulfil at least three requirements. Lower production cost, high productivity and superior quality of the product produced.

It is a bit difficult to achieve all these three things at a time, and some of them are actually conflicting. Now, if a business wants to achieve all three, there is only one solution, and that is automation.

The purpose of production is actually to convert the raw materials into the finished product. Now, this production could be of three types. For example, we can have piece production, then there could be batch production, then there could be mass production.

For piece production, we have got several designs and for each design, small quantities are manufactured.

For batch production, we have got a few designs; and for each design, small quantities are manufactured.

In mass production, we have got only one design, and that particular product is to be produced a large in number. Now, we can automate this particular batch production, mass production and for piece production, automation is not possible.

For batch production and mass production, we go for automation. For mass production, we generally go for fixed automation or hard automation.

For batch production, we generally go for flexible automation. Now, robotics is an example of this flexible automation. And, that is why, for batch production, particularly in the manufacturing unit, we will have to go for the robots, if you want to survive in this competitive market.

Robotics and the robots have become so much popular in manufacturing units.

 

Nowadays, not only in manufacturing units, robots are used in different areas. For example, robots are now a days used in space science, used in medical science, robots are also used for sea-bed mining, in agriculture, fire-fighting, and so on. Robotics is an example of flexible automation, and that is why we should study robotics.

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What are Linear Joint and Rotary Joint in typical robotic system?

Let us take the example of a serial manipulator. It consists of the drive unit which is the controller or the director for that particular manipulator. As a serial manipulator it has got a fixed base and with the help of several links transmission of the mechanical power takes place. And, in between the two links, we have got the joints, so we have got few joints, between several links.

The robotic joint, could be basically of two types, it could be either the linear joint, or there could be rotary joints.

In linear joint, it could be either prismatic joint or sliding joint.

In the rotary joint, we could have the revolute joint, and there could be twisting joint. Now, both are the rotary joints, but basically, there is a difference between these revolute joint and twisting joint. 

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What is Degrees of Freedom in Robotics?

The movement ability of the robot arms are expressed by degrees of freedom.

Special spatial robots have more than six degrees of freedom and are called redundant robots. Underactuated robots are spatial robots having less than six degrees of freedom.

There are different kinds of robotic joints having linkages. Different types of connectivity of different robotic joints have different degrees of freedom. The prismatic joint has one degree of freedom, or one connectivity, sliding joint has one degree of freedom and is linear in nature, whereas, cylindrical joints have two degrees of freedom, spherical or (ball and socket) joint have three degrees of freedom.

Ideal planar robots have three degrees of freedom and spatial robots have six degrees of freedom ideally.

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Classification of Robots

Classification of robots can be done in various ways. Based on the task performed robots can be either point to point ( eg Unimate 2000, T3) or can be continuous path robot ( eg: PUMA, CRS). 

Point to point robots is programmed to perform a specific task at a specific point in the 3D plane. Whereas, the continuous path robots are programmed to perform the task by remaining in continuous touch with the surface.

Robots are also classified based on the type of controller used, they can be either open-loop control system ( eg: Seiko, PN-100)  which is non-servo control having no feedback system in the circuit, or they can be closed-loop control system robots ( eg: Unimate 2000, PUMA) having feedback system in the circuit for more accuracy and error minimization. 

Closed-loop control system robots are servo-controlled and are more accurate and expensive.

Based on the Cartesian coordinate system, robots are classified as Cartesian Coordinate Robots (having linear movement); Cylindrical-coordinate robot ( having two linear and one rotary movement); Spherical coordinate robot ( having two linear and two rotary movement) and Revolute coordinate robots ( having rotary movement about three independent axes).

Based on the mobility, robots can be classified as wheeled robots, tracked robots and multilegged robots.

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